15. Epochs & Rewards
Time in the economic and validator management layer is structured into discrete Epochs, each consisting of exactly 2,400 slots (~1 hour under normal 1.5-second block intervals).
15.1 Block Rewards Distribution
Block rewards are minted dynamically upon block finalization and credited directly to the validator that successfully proposed the certified block. The reward calculation combines the scheduled geometric block emission with 50% of the EIP-1559 base fee and 100% of all priority tip fees.
Rewards are credited directly to the validator's liquid balance or accumulated in an on-chain reward accumulator for gas-efficient claiming by delegators.
15.2 Epoch Boundary Transitions
At every epoch boundary (defined by block heights where height % 2400 == 0), the consensus engine executes critical network housekeeping routines:
- Validator Snapshotting: Active validator stake totals and delegations are snapshot to calculate voting weights for the upcoming epoch.
- Leader Schedule Computation: The deterministic pseudo-random leader rotation sequence for all 2,400 upcoming slots is generated and committed to the state trie.
- Matured Stake Releases: Unbonding funds that have completed the 168-epoch maturation delay are released from the unbonding pool to liquid account balances.