8. Fee Market
Kortana implements the EIP-1559 fee market, adopted from the Ethereum Cancun revision.
8.1 EIP-1559 Base Fee Mechanism
- Base Fee Burned: The protocol calculates a base fee for block space.
50%of this base fee is permanently burned, making DNR disinflationary. The burn is directly deducted from the world state during block settlement, strictly enforcing the supply conservation invariant. - Priority Tip to Proposer: The remaining
50%of the base fee, plus any priority tip included by the user, is credited directly to the block proposer. - Elasticity Multiplier: The base fee adjusts dynamically based on the fullness of the previous block, bounded by a
12.5%(1250 bps) maximum change per block.
8.2 Block Gas Limit
The block gas limit is heavily scaled up to 30,000,000, enabling high throughput without hitting capacity ceilings prematurely.
8.3 Minimum Gas Price
The network enforces a strict minimum gas price of 1 gwei to prevent spam and dust attacks.
8.4 Intrinsic Gas Costs
Standard Ethereum intrinsic costs apply (21,000 gas for a standard transfer). Values are read dynamically from the on-chain governance ParamStore rather than hardcoded in the C++ binaries.
8.5 Max Transaction Size
Transactions are strictly bounded at 128 KiB. Transactions exceeding this size are rejected at the P2P and RPC layers before execution.
Part III — Execution Engines
Kortana runs two execution engines over one state trie. By combining the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) for ecosystem compatibility and the custom Kortana Virtual Machine (KVM) for capability-secure smart contracts, developers can choose the right tool for their protocol without sacrificing interoperability.